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Other Hindu texts present a more complex model of behavior and mythology where gods commit adultery for various reasons. In the Military, commanding officers in different commands also often differ when considering the above conditions. Kimmel and Van Der Veen found that sexual satisfaction may be more important to husbands and that wives are more concerned with compatibility with their partners. It was a crime in until 1947 and until 2015, in.

In 2001, prosecuted an attorney, John R. Although adultery has been historically regarded as a legal wrong, it has not always been considered a crime. Archived from on August 21, 2011.

adultery

This article is about the act of adultery or extramarital sex. For other uses, see. For a broad overview, see. Adultery from adulterium is that is considered objectionable on social, religious, moral, or legal grounds. Although what constitute adultery varies, as well as the social, religious, and legal consequences, the concept exists in many cultures and is similar in , , and. A single act of sexual intercourse is generally sufficient to constitute adultery, and a more long-term sexual relationship is sometimes referred to as an. Historically, many cultures have considered adultery to be a very serious. Adultery often incurred severe punishment, usually for the woman and sometimes for the man, with penalties including , , or. Such punishments have gradually fallen into disfavor, especially in from the 19th century. In most Western countries, adultery itself is no longer a criminal offense, but may still have legal consequences, particularly in cases. For example, in fault-based jurisdictions, adultery almost always constitutes a and may be a factor in , the of children, the denial of , etc. Adultery is not a ground for divorce in jurisdictions which have adopted a model. In some societies and among certain religious adherents, adultery may affect the of those involved, and may result in social. In countries where adultery is a criminal offense, punishments range from to and even capital punishment. Since the 20th century, criminal laws against adultery have become controversial, with international organizations calling for their abolition, especially in the light of several high-profile cases that have occurred in some countries. In Muslim countries that follow for criminal justice, the punishment for adultery may be stoning. There are fifteen countries in which stoning is authorized as lawful punishment, though in recent times it has been legally carried out only in Iran and Somalia. Most countries that criminalize adultery are those where the dominant religion is Islam, and several Christian-majority countries, but there are some notable exceptions to this rule, namely Philippines, Taiwan, and several U. In some jurisdictions, having sexual relations with the king's wife or the wife of his eldest son constitutes. By analogy, in cultures which value and normally practice exclusive , sexual relations with a person outside the relationship may also be described as or cheating, and is subject to sanction. Susannah accused of adultery, by The term adultery refers to sexual acts between a married person and someone who is not that person's spouse. It may arise in or in. Some adultery laws differentiate based on the sex of the participants, and as a result such laws are often seen as discriminatory, and in some jurisdictions they have been struck down by courts, usually on the basis that they discriminated against women. The term adultery, rather than extramarital sex, implies a moral condemnation of the act; as such it is usually not a neutral term because it carries an implied judgment that the act is wrong. Adultery refers to sexual relations which are not officially legitimized; for example it does not refer to having sexual intercourse with multiple partners in the case of when a man is married to more than one wife at a time, called ; or when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, called. Le supplice des adultères, by Jules Arsène Garnier, showing two adulterers being punished In the traditional English , adultery was a. Although the legal definition of adultery differs in nearly every legal system, the common theme is outside of marriage, in one form or another. Traditionally, many cultures, particularly ones, had strong regarding male and female adultery, with the latter being seen as a much more serious violation. Adultery involving a married woman and a man other than her husband was considered a very serious crime. In 2001, prosecuted an attorney, John R. Adultery is against the. In countries, adultery was also known as. This became the name of the civil arising from adultery, being based upon compensation for the other spouse's injury. Criminal conversation was usually referred to by lawyers as crim. Another tort, , arises when one spouse deserts the other for a third person. This act was also known as desertion, which was often a crime as well. In the United States, six states still maintain this tort. A marriage in which both spouses agree ahead of time to accept sexual relations by either partner with others is sometimes referred to as an or the lifestyle. Swinging and open marriages are both a form of , and the spouses would not view the sexual relations as objectionable. However, irrespective of the stated views of the partners, extra-marital relations could still be considered a crime in some legal jurisdictions which criminalize adultery. In Canada, though the written definition in the refers to extramarital relations with someone of the opposite sex, a judge used the in a 2005 case to grant a woman a divorce from her husband who had cheated on her with another man, which the judge felt was equal reasoning to dissolve the union. In the United Kingdom, case law restricts the definition of adultery to penetrative sexual intercourse between a man and a woman, no matter the gender of the spouses in the marriage, although infidelity with a person of the same gender can be grounds for a divorce as unreasonable behavior; this situation was discussed at length during debates on the. In India, is the sexual intercourse of a man with a married woman without the consent of her husband when such sexual intercourse does not amount to rape. It was a non-cognizable, non-bailable criminal offence, until the relevant law was overturned by the Supreme Court of India on 27 September 2018. Punishments for adultery vary from place to place. Where adultery is illegal, the punishment varies from fines for example in the US state of to caning in parts of Asia. There are fifteen countries in which is authorized as lawful punishment, although in recent times it has been legally enforced only in Iran and Somalia. Most stoning cases are the result of , and while technically illegal, no action is usually taken against perpetrators. Sometimes such stonings are ordered by informal village leaders who have de facto power in the community. Adultery may have consequences under even in countries where it is not outlawed by the. For instance it may constitute fault in countries where the is or it may be a ground for. Similarly, under the Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code, until overturned by the Supreme Court in 2018 it was a criminal offense for a man to have consensual sexual intercourse with a married woman, without the consent of her husband no party was criminally punished in case of adultery between a married man and an unmarried woman. Historically, paternity of children born out of adultery has been seen as a major issue. Modern advances such as reliable and have changed the situation in Western countries. Most countries nevertheless have a legal presumption that a woman's husband is the father of her children who were born during that marriage. Although this is often merely a , many jurisdictions have laws which restrict the possibility of legal rebuttal for instance by creating a legal time limit during which paternity may be challenged — such as a certain number of years from the birth of the child. Establishing correct paternity may have major legal implications, for instance in regard to. Children born out of adultery suffered, until recently, adverse legal and social consequences. In , for instance, a law that stated that the inheritance rights of a child born under such circumstances were, on the part of the married parent, half of what they would have been under ordinary circumstances, remained in force until 2001, when France was forced to change it by a ruling of the ECtHR and in 2013, the ECtHR also ruled that the new 2001 regulations must be also applied to children born before 2001. There has been, in recent years, a trend of legally favoring the right to a relation between the child and its biological father, rather than preserving the appearances of the 'social' family. In 2010, the ECtHR ruled in favor of a German man who had fathered twins with a married woman, granting him right of contact with the twins, despite the fact that the mother and her husband had forbidden him from seeing the children. In the United States found in his studies that 50% of males and 26% of females had extramarital sex at least once during their lifetime. Depending on studies, it was estimated that 26—50% of men and 21—38% of women, or 22. Other authors say that between 20% and 25% of Americans had sex with someone other than their spouse. Three 1990s studies in the United States, using nationally representative samples, have found that about 10—15% of women and 20—25% of men admitted to having engaged in. The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample described the occurrence of extramarital sex by gender in over 50 pre-industrial cultures. Further information: In the , there were stringent laws against adultery, but these applied to sexual intercourse with a married woman. In the early , the jus tori belonged to the husband. It was therefore not a crime against the wife for a husband to have sex with a slave or an unmarried woman. The Roman husband often took advantage of his legal immunity. Later in Roman history, as William E. Lecky has shown, the idea that the husband owed a fidelity similar to that demanded of the wife must have gained ground, at least in theory. According to , the lending of wives practiced among some people was also encouraged by , though from a motive other than that which actuated the practice Plutarch, Lycurgus, XXIX. The recognized license of the Greek husband may be seen in the following passage of the : We keep mistresses for our pleasures, concubines for constant attendance, and wives to bear us legitimate children and to be our faithful housekeepers. Yet, because of the wrong done to the husband only, the Athenian lawgiver Solon allowed any man to kill an adulterer whom he had taken in the act. Plutarch, Solon The Roman , Lex Iulia de Adulteriis Coercendis 17 BC , punished adultery with banishment. Fathers were permitted to kill daughters and their partners in adultery. Husbands could kill the partners under certain circumstances and were required to divorce adulterous wives. Abrahamic religions 'Thou shalt not commit adultery' Nathan confronts David ; bronze bas-relief on the door of the ,. Significantly, the penalty does not extend to sex by an unmarried woman and irrespective of the marital status of the man. It also prescribes the same for engaged women who lie with another man, under the premise that if she allows the action without protesting, this indicates willingness. Adultery is considered by Christians to be immoral and a , based primarily on passages like and. Some churches have interpreted adultery to include all sexual relationships outside of marriage, regardless of the marital status of the participants. Until a few decades ago, adultery was a criminal offense in many countries where the dominant religion is Christianity, especially in countries see also the section on. Adultery was decriminalized in in 1995, and in in 2005; but in some predominantly Catholic countries, such as the Philippines, it remains illegal. The also prohibits adultery. For instance, Abinadi cites the when he accuses 's priests of sexual immorality. When visits the Americas he reinforces the law and teaches them the higher law also found in the : Behold, it is written by them of old time, that thou shalt not commit adultery; but I say unto you, that whosoever looketh on a woman, to lust after her, hath committed adultery already in his heart. Adultery in traditional Judaism applies to both parties, but depends on the marital status of the woman Lev. Though the prescribes the death penalty for adultery, the legal procedural requirements were very exacting and required the testimony of two eyewitnesses of good character for conviction. The defendant also must have been warned immediately before performing the act. A death sentence could be issued only during the period when the stood, and only so long as the Court convened in its chamber within the Temple complex. Today, therefore, no death penalty applies. The death penalty for adultery was strangulation, except in the case of a woman who was the daughter of a Kohain Aaronic priestly caste , which was specifically mentioned by Scripture by the death penalty of burning pouring molten lead down the throat. Ipso facto, there never was mentioned in Pharisaic or Rabbinic Judaism sources a punishment of stoning for adulterers as mentioned in John 8. At the civil level, however, halakha forbids a man to continue living with an adulterous wife, and he is obliged to divorce her. Also, an adulteress is not permitted to marry the adulterer, but, to avoid any doubt as to her status as being free to marry another or that of her children, many authorities say he must give her a divorce as if they were married. According to Judaism, the apply to all of humankind; these laws prohibit adultery with another man's wife. The were meant exclusively for Jewish males. Adultery is violating the property right of a man. Coogan's book was criticized by because of not noticing that was not decreed, but only described by God, patriarchy being specific to people after the. She admits that made the same mistake as Coogan. Originally this commandment forbade male Israelites from having sexual intercourse with the wife of another Israelite; the prohibition did not extend to their own slaves. Sexual intercourse between an Israelite man, married or not, and a woman who was neither married or was not considered adultery. This concept of adultery stems from the economic aspect of Israelite marriage whereby the husband has an exclusive right to his wife, whereas the wife, as the husband's possession, did not have an exclusive right to her husband. According Jennifer Wright Knust, this was because was no Jew, and only Jewish men were protected by the legal code from Sinai. However, according to the Babylonian Talmud, Uriah was indeed Jewish and wrote a provisional prior to going out to war, specifying that if he fell in battle, the divorce would take effect from the time the writ was issued. Islam See also: زنا is an Arabic term for illegal intercourse, premarital or extramarital. Various conditions and punishments have been attributed to adultery. Under , adultery in general is sexual intercourse by a person whether man or woman with someone to whom they are not married. Surely it is a shameful deed and evil, opening roads to other evils. It has been said that these legal procedural requirements were instituted to protect women from and false accusations: i. According to Muhammad, an unmarried person who commits adultery or fornication is punished by flogging 100 times; a married person will then be to death. A survey conducted by the found support for stoning as a punishment for adultery mostly in ; it was supported in 82% of respondents in favor of the punishment and 70% in favor , as well as 82% favor , whereas in 56% in favor and in 42% in favor opinion is more divided, perhaps due to diverging traditions and differing interpretations of Sharia. Eastern religions Hinduism The Hindu Sanskrit texts present a range of views on adultery, offering widely differing positions. Other Vedic texts, states Rick Talbott, state adultery to be a sin, just like murder, incest, anger, evil thoughts and trickery. According to the Indologist Wendy Doniger, the Vedic texts, including the Rigveda, the and the , also acknowledge the existence of male lovers and female lovers as a basic fact of human life, followed by the recommendation that one should avoid such extra marital sex during certain ritual occasions. A number of simile in the Rigveda, states Doniger, a woman's emotional eagerness to meet her lover is described, and one hymn prays to the gods that they protect the embryo of a pregnant wife as she sleeps with her husband and other lovers. Adultery and similar offenses are discussed under one of the eighteen vivādapadas titles of laws in the Dharma literature of Hinduism. Adultery is termed as Strisangrahana in dharmasastra texts. These texts generally condemn adultery, with some exceptions involving consensual sex and niyoga levirate conception in order to produce a heir. According to Apastamba Dharmasutra, the earliest dated Hindu law text, cross-varna adultery is a punishable crime, where the adulterous man receives a far more severe punishment than the adulterous arya woman. In Gautama Dharmasutra, the adulterous arya woman is liable to harsh punishment for the cross-class adultery. According to Ludo Rocher, while Gautama Dharmasutra reserves the punishment in cases of cross-class adultery, it seems to have been generalized by Vishnu Dharmasastra and Manusmiriti. The recommended punishments in the text also vary between these texts. Mandagadde Rama Jois translates verse 4. In the Manusmriti, the intent and mutual consent are a part that determine the recommended punishment. Rape is not considered as adultery for the woman, while the rapist is punished severely. Lesser punishment is recommended for consensual adulterous sex. According to Doniger, Manu in his verses 8. The Manusmriti, states Doniger, offers two views on adultery. It recommends a new married couple to remain sexually faithful to each other for life. It also accepts that adulterous relationships happen, children are born from such relationships and then proceeds to reason that the child belongs to the legal husband of the pregnant woman, and not to the biological father. Other dharmasastra texts describe adultery as a punishable crime but offer differing details. According to Naradasmriti 12. The term adultery in Naradasmriti is not confined to the relationship of a married man with another man's wife. It includes sex with any woman who is protected, including wives, daughters, other relatives, and servants. Kautilya's Arthashastra includes an exemption that in case the husband forgives his adulterous wife, the woman and her lover should be set free. If the offended husband does not forgive, the Arthashastra recommends the adulterous woman's nose and ears be cut off, while her lover be executed. According to Wendy Doniger, the Kamasutra teaches adulterous sexual liaison as a means for a man to predispose the involved woman in assisting him, working against his enemies and facilitating his successes. It also explains the many signs and reasons a woman wants to enter into an adulterous relationship and when she does not want to commit adultery. The Kamasutra teaches strategies to engage in adulterous relationships, but concludes its chapter on sexual liaison stating that one should not commit adultery because adultery pleases only one of two sides in a marriage, hurts the other, it goes against both dharma and artha. According to Ramanathan and Weerakoon, in Hinduism, the sexual matters are left to the judgment of those involved and not a matter to be imposed through law. According to Carl Olsen, the classical Hindu society considered adultery as a sexual transgression but treated it with a degree of tolerance. It is described as a minor transgression in Naradasmriti and other texts, one that a sincere penance could atone. Penance is also recommended to a married person who does not actually commit adultery, but carries adulterous thoughts for someone else or is thinking of committing adultery. Other Hindu texts present a more complex model of behavior and mythology where gods commit adultery for various reasons. For example, states Wendy Doniger, commits adultery and the justifies it as something to be expected when Vishnu took a human form, just like sages become uncontrolled. In Hindu texts, this relationship between gopis and Krishna involves secret nightly rendezvous. Some texts state it to be divine adultery, others as a symbolism of spiritual dedication and religious value. The example of Krishna's adulterous behavior has been used by Sahajiyas Hindus of Bengal to justify their own behavior that is contrary to the mainstream Hindu norm, according to Doniger. Other Hindu texts state that Krishna's adultery is not a license for other men to do the same, in the same way that men should not drink poison just because Rudra-Shiva drank poison during the Samudra Manthan. A similar teaching is found in Mahayana Buddhism, states Doniger. Buddhism Buddhist texts such as describe adultery as a form of sexual wrongdoing that is one link in a chain of immorality and misery. According to Wendy Doniger, this view of adultery as evil is postulated in early Buddhist texts as having originated from greed in a. This idea combines Hindu and Buddhist thoughts then prevalent. The ugly envy the beautiful and this triggers the ugly to commit adultery with the wives of the beautiful. Like in , states Doniger, Buddhist texts explain adultery as a result from sexual craving; it initiates a degenerative process. Buddhism considers celibacy as the monastic ideal. For he who feels that he cannot live in celibacy, it recommends that he never commit adultery with another's wife. Engaging in sex outside of marriage, with the wife of another man, with a girl who is engaged to be married, or a girl protected by her relatives father or brother , or extramarital sex with prostitutes, ultimately causes suffering to other human beings and oneself. It should be avoided, state the Buddhist canonical texts. Buddhist Pali texts narrate legends where the Buddha explains the karmic consequences of adultery. For example, states Robert Goldman, one such story is of Thera Soreyya. There are some differences between the Buddhist texts and the Hindu texts on the identification and consequences of adultery. The term adultery in Naradasmriti is broader in scope than the one in Buddhist sources. Other Buddhist texts make no mention of legal punishments for adultery. Other historical practices After being accused of adultery, proved her innocence by walking over red-hot ploughshares. In some Native American cultures, severe penalties could be imposed on an adulterous wife by her husband. In many instances she was made to endure a bodily mutilation which would, in the mind of the aggrieved husband, prevent her from ever being a temptation to other men again. Among the , wives caught in adultery were occasionally impaled, although the more usual punishment was to be stoned to death. The , a well-preserved of ancient , dating back to about 1772 BC, provided as punishment for adultery. Amputation of the nose — — was a punishment for adultery among many civilizations, including ancient India, ancient Egypt, among Greeks and Romans, and in Byzantium and among the Arabs. In the tenth century, the Arab explorer noted that adultery was unknown among the pagan. This comes about so: they bring together the branches of two trees, tie him to the branches and then let both trees go, so that he is torn in two. In England and its successor states, it has been to engage in adultery with the King's wife, his eldest son's wife and his eldest unmarried daughter. The two brothers accused of being lovers of the king's daughters-in-law were executed immediately after being arrested. The wife of Philip IV's eldest son bore a daughter, the future , whose paternity and succession rights were disputed all her life. The came to mean that, in theory, and unlike with the Romans, there was supposed to be a single sexual standard, where adultery was a sin and against the teachings of the church, regardless of the sex of those involved. In practice, however, the church seemed to have accepted the traditional double standard which punished the adultery of the wife more harshly than that of the husband. In the Middle Ages, adultery in was punishable by death through. See also: Asia Adultery is a crime in and the. It was a crime in until 1947 and until 2015, in. In 2015, overturned the country's law against adultery. Previously, adultery was criminalized in 1953, and violators were subject to 2 years in prison, with the aim of protecting women from divorce. The law was overturned because the court found that adultery is a private matter which the state should not intervene in. Adultery is not a crime in , but is a. In , adultery is a crime under the , promulgated in 1979. The Ordinance sets a maximum penalty of. The Ordinance has been particularly controversial because it requires a woman making an accusation of to provide extremely strong evidence to avoid being charged with adultery herself. A conviction for rape is only possible with evidence from no fewer than four witnesses. In recent years high-profile rape cases in Pakistan have given the Ordinance more exposure than similar laws in other countries. Similar laws exist in some other Muslim countries, such as and. Until 2018, in Indian law, adultery was defined as sex between a man and a woman without the consent of the woman's husband. The man was prosecutable and could be sentenced for up to five years even if he himself was unmarried whereas the married woman cannot be jailed. Men have called the law in that women cannot be prosecuted for adultery and the National Commission of Women has criticized the British era law of being anti-feminist as it treats women as the property of their husbands and has consequently recommended deletion of the law or reducing it to a civil offense. Extramarital sex without the consent of one's partner can be a valid grounds for monetary penalty on government employees, as ruled by the Central Administrative Tribunal. On 27 September 2018, Supreme court of India handed down a judgement stating adultery is not a crime in the case. In Southwest Asia, adultery has attracted severe , including. In some places, such as , the method of punishment for adultery is to death. Proving adultery under Muslim law can be a very difficult task as it requires the accuser to produce four eyewitnesses to the act of sexual intercourse, each of whom should have a good reputation for truthfulness and honesty. The criminal standards do not apply in the application of social and family consequences of adultery, where the standards of proof are not as exacting. A wife can be charged with the crime of Adultery for having sexual intercourse with a man other than her husband, while a husband can only be charged with the related crime of Concubinage, which is more loosely defined it requires either keeping the mistress in the family home, or cohabiting with her, or having sexual relations under scandalous circumstances. There are currently proposals to decriminalize adultery in the Philippines. In regions of Iraq and Syria under ISIL, there have been reports of floggings as well as execution against people who engage in adultery. The method of execution was typically through. ISIL would not merely oppose adultery but also oppose behavior that from their point of view could lead to adultery, such as women not being covered, people of the opposite sex socializing with one another, or even female mannequins in store windows. Europe Adultery in , by Adultery is no longer a crime in any European country. Among the last Western European countries to repeal their laws were 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , and 1997. In most countries adultery was not a crime. In 2004, there were proposals to introduce a gender-neutral adultery law. The plans were dropped, and it has been suggested that the objections from the European Union played a role. Before the 20th century, adultery was often punished harshly. In Scandinavia, in the 17th century, adultery and bigamy were subject to the , although few people were actually executed. Examples of women who have been executed for adultery in Medieval and Early Modern Europe include in 1256 , in 1391 , in 1418 , in 1536 , and in 1542. The enforcement of adultery laws varied by jurisdiction. In England, the last execution for adultery is believed to have taken place in 1654, when a woman named Susan Bounty was. The ECHR has had the opportunity to rule in recent years on several cases involving the legitimacy of firing a person from their job due to adultery. These cases dealt with people working for religious organizations and raised the question of the balancing of the right of a person to respect for their private life recognized in the EU and the right of religious communities to be protected against undue interference by the State recognized also in the EU. These situations must be analyzed with regard to their specific circumstances, in each case. The ECtHR had ruled both in favor of the religious organization in the case of Obst and in favor of the fired person in the case of Schüth. Latin America Until the 1990s, most Latin American countries had laws against adultery. Adultery has been decriminalized in most of these countries, including 1990 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2005 , and 2005. The adultery law of the Federal Criminal Code of was repealed in 2011. Australia Adultery is not a crime in Australia. Under federal law enacted in 1994, sexual conduct between consenting adults 18 years of age or older is their private matter throughout Australia, irrespective of marital status. Australian states and territories had previously repealed their respective adultery criminal laws. Australia changed to in 1975, abolishing adultery as a ground for divorce. United States This map shows U. The United States is one of few industrialized countries to have laws criminalizing adultery. In the United States, laws vary from state to state. Up until the mid 20th century most U. These laws have gradually been abolished or struck down by courts as unconstitutional. States which repealed their adultery laws in recent years include in 2010, in 2013, and in 2014, and in 2018. As of 2018, adultery remains a criminal offense in 20 states, but prosecutions are rare. Although adultery laws are mostly found in the conservative states especially , there are some notable exceptions such as. It is a Class B misdemeanor in New York and , and a Class I felony in Wisconsin. However, Utah also has a fornication law that applies to any unmarried person also a class B misdemeanor. Since adultery is still a crime in Virginia, persons in divorce proceedings may use the. Any criminal convictions for adultery can determine alimony and asset distribution. In 2016 there was a bill in Virginia to decriminalize adultery and make it only a civil offense, but the did not advance the bill. In the , adultery is a potential offense. The enforceability of adultery laws in the United States is unclear following decisions since 1965 relating to privacy and sexual intimacy of consenting adults. However, occasional prosecutions do occur. Criticism of adultery laws See also: Political arguments Laws against adultery have been named as invasive and incompatible with principles of see Dennis J. Baker, The Right Not to be Criminalized: Demarcating Criminal Law's Authority Ashgate chapter 2. Much of the criticism comes from , the consensus among whose adherents is that government must not intrude into daily personal lives and that such disputes are to be settled privately rather than and by. It is also argued that adultery laws are rooted in religious doctrines; which should not be the case for laws in a. Opponents of adultery laws regard them as painfully archaic, believing they represent sanctions reminiscent of nineteenth-century novels. They further object to the legislation of morality, especially a morality so steeped in religious doctrine. Support for the preservation of the adultery laws comes from religious groups and from political parties who feel quite independent of morality, that the government has reason to concern itself with the consensual sexual activity of its citizens … The crucial question is: when, if ever, is the government justified to interfere in consensual bedroom affairs? There is a history of adultery laws being abused. In , England, a somewhat common practice was for husbands to encourage their wives to seduce another man, who they would then or , under laws for examples see prohibiting men from having sex with women married to other men. Historical context This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. These laws were enacted in fear of and thus. Many indigenous customs, such as and even , have been theorized to have originated as preventive measures against cuckolding. This arrangement has been deplored by many modern intellectuals. Discrimination against women Opponents of adultery laws argue that these laws maintain social norms which justify violence, discrimination and oppression of women; in the form of state sanctioned forms of violence such as , or for adultery; or in the form of individual acts of violence committed against women by husbands or relatives, such as , , and beatings. A Joint Statement by the United Nations Working Group on discrimination against women in law and in practice in 2012, stated: The United Nations Working Group on discrimination against women in law and in practice is deeply concerned at the criminalization and penalization of adultery whose enforcement leads to discrimination and. These concerns have been officially raised by the Council of Europe and the UN in recent years. The states that member states should:... The importance of consent as the basis of sexual offenses legislation Human rights organizations have stated that legislation on sexual crimes must be based on , and must recognize consent as central, and not trivialize its importance; doing otherwise can lead to legal, social or ethical abuses. General For various reasons, most couples who marry do so with the expectation of. Adultery is often seen as a breach of trust and of the commitment that had been made during the act of marriage. Adultery can be emotionally traumatic for both spouses and often results in divorce. Adultery can also lead to feelings of guilt and jealousy in the person with whom the affair is being committed. If the cheating spouse has hinted at divorce in order to continue the affair, the third person may feel deceived if that does not happen. They may simply withdraw with ongoing feelings of guilt, carry on an obsession with their lover, may choose to reveal the affair, or in rare cases commit violence or other crimes. While there is correlation, there is no evidence that divorces causes children to have struggles in later life. If adultery leads to divorce, it also carries higher financial burdens. For example, living expenses and taxes are generally cheaper for married couples than for divorced couples. Legal fees can add up into the tens of thousands of dollars. Divorced spouses may not qualify for benefits such as health insurance, which must then be paid out-of-pocket. Sexually transmitted infections Further information: Like any sexual contact, extramarital sex opens the possibility of the introduction of sexually-transmitted diseases STDs into a marriage. Since most married couples do not routinely use barrier contraceptives, STDs can be introduced to a marriage partner by a spouse engaging in unprotected extramarital sex. This can be a issue in regions of the world where STDs are common, but addressing this issue is very difficult due to legal and social barriers — to openly talk about this situation would mean to acknowledge that adultery often takes place, something that is taboo in certain cultures, especially those strongly influenced by religion. In addition, dealing with the issue of barrier contraception in marriage in cultures where women have very few rights is difficult: the power of women to negotiate safer sex or sex in general with their husbands is often limited. The WHO found that women in violent relations were at increased risk of , because they found it very difficult to negotiate safe sex with their partners, or to ask medical advice if they thought they have been infected. Main article: are often connected to accusations of adultery. Honor killings , particularly but not only in parts of South Asia and the Middle East. Honor killings are treated leniently in some legal systems. Honor killings have also taken place in immigrant communities in Europe, Canada and the U. In some parts of the world, honor killings enjoy considerable public support: in one survey, 33. A survey in , Turkey, found that, when asked the appropriate punishment for a woman who has committed adultery, 37% of respondents said she should be killed, while 21% said her nose or ears should be cut off. Until 2009, in , it was legal for a husband to kill or injure his wife or his female relatives caught in committing adultery or other illegitimate sexual acts. Article 192 states that a judge may opt for reduced punishments such as short-term imprisonment if the killing was done with an honorable intent. Article 242 says that a judge may reduce a sentence for murders that were done in rage and caused by an illegal act committed by the victim. In recent years, Jordan has amended its Criminal Code to modify its laws which used to offer a complete defense for honor killings. Stoning continues to be practiced today, in parts of the world. Recently, several people have been sentenced to death by stoning after being accused of adultery in Iran, Somalia, Afghanistan, Sudan, Mali, and Pakistan by tribal courts. Flogging Main articles: and In some jurisdictions is a punishment for adultery. There are also incidents of extrajudicial floggings, ordered by informal religious courts. In 2011, a 14-year-old girl in Bangladesh died after being publicly lashed, when she was accused of having an affair with a married man. Her punishment was ordered by villagers under Sharia law. Violence between the partners of an adulterous couple Married people who form relations with extramarital partners or people who engage in relations with partners married to somebody else may be subjected to violence in these relations. Because of the nature of adultery — illicit or illegal in many societies — this type of intimate partner violence may go underreported or may not be prosecuted when it is reported; and in some jurisdictions this type of violence is not covered by the specific laws meant to protect persons in 'legitimate' couples. Limits: The Role of the Law in Bioethical Decision Making. Archived from on 2015-03-06. Archived from on 2008-06-04. Archived from on 2008-04-30. Archived from PDF on 2008-02-16. Archived from on 26 July 2010. Am J Public Health. Am J Public Health. Journal of Sex Research. Journal of Family Psychology. Sex in America today: A new national survey reveals how our attitudes are changing. The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pre-Coded Variables for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, Volume I and II. Jamaica, NY: York College, CUNY. Distributed by World Cultures at. See Variable 170 and Variable 171. Retrieved 2 August 2013. Archived from PDF on February 1, 2014. New York, Boston: Twelve. Retrieved 5 May 2011. New York, Boston: Twelve. Retrieved 5 May 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2016. Archived from on 2010-07-05. Also, see the following: Bukhari 6:60:79, Bukhari 83:37, Muslim 17:4196, Muslim 17:4206, Muslim 17:4209, Ibn Ishaq 970. Lindsey Harlan and Paul B. Some see it as a minor offence: after menstruation and some penances, the woman is purified again. An adulterous husband may merely have to undergo some mild penances. But other texts advocate even the death penalty for either the man or the woman, depending on the caste status. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Studies in Hindu law and Dharmaśāstra. London New York: Anthem Press. Lindsey Harlan and Paul B. Patrick Olivelle and Donald R. Studies in Hindu law and Dharmaśāstra. London New York: Anthem Press. Lindsey Harlan and Paul B. Duncan M Derrett 1973. University of California Press. Journal of the American Oriental Society. The Rosen Publishing Group. Patrick Olivelle and Donald R. Journal of the American Oriental Society. State University of New York Press. Bancroft, The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America, I, 514. Archived from on 2014-08-12. Kwon, CNN 26 February 2015. The New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018. The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom. The Believer: How an Introvert with a Passion for Religion and Soccer Became Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, Leader of the Islamic State. Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Global Jihadist Movement. Archived from PDF on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 23 May 2015. Archived from on 2014-04-11. Gente Diversa de Baja California. Archived from on 2013-12-03. Retrieved on January 4, 2015. Archived from on 2012-12-10. Archived from on 2013-12-03. Archived from on 2012-10-28. Retrieved on July 2, 2016. Yale Undergraduate Law Review. Archived from on 2014-04-20. Archived from on 2011-09-05. Archived from on 2012-03-26. Archived from on 2009-01-25. Archived from on 2011-07-03. Archived from PDF on 2014-02-27. Archived from on 2013-04-16. Hsu 22 March 2013. Wikimedia Commons has media related to. The romance of adultery: queenship and sexual transgression in Old French literature. University of Pennsylvania Press. New York: Guilford Press. The British Journal of Sociology. Journal of Sex Research. New York: New Market Press. Infidelity in Committed Relationships I: A Methodological Review. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. Find Articles at BNET at www. Infidelity in Committed Relationships II: A Substantive Review. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy.

Because infidelity imposed such a fitness cost, those who had the jealous emotional response, improved their fitness, and could pass down the jealousy module to the next generation. She has over 20 years of experience representing men, women, and children related to family law matters such as divorce, child custody, and complex property division. Journal of Sex Research. ” See generally Black’s Law Dictionary at 52 7 th ed. Dakota calls this infidelity definition by law marital estate, and it includes income. Until 2018, in Indian law, adultery was defined as sex between a man and a woman without the consent of the woman's husband. They go to more meetings, take more business trips and, presumably, participate more in servile water-cooler chatter. However, irrespective of the stated views of the partners, extra-marital relations could still be considered a crime in some legal jurisdictions which criminalize adultery. Interviews with people in relationships since 1972 by the GSS have shown that approximately 12% of men and 7% of women ring to having had an extramarital relationship. Chat rooms A study by Beatriz Lia Avila Mileham in 2004 examined the phenomenon of online infidelity in chat rooms. General For various reasons, most couples who marry do so with the expectation of. Personality and Individual Differences.

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released December 12, 2018

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